Q. Examine the socio-economic causes that led to the Telangana Peasants Armed Struggle against the Nizam and feudal landlords.

Approach:
Introduction:
Begin with the timeline and core aim of the Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle (1946–51). Briefly highlight that the movement emerged as a grassroots response to feudal oppression and state apathy, driven by the slogan “Bhoomi, Bhukti, Vimukti”—land, sustenance, and liberation.
Body:
I. SOCIAL CAUSES
Organize causes thematically, each point to include: Context; Specific examples; Resulting discontent
1. Tyrannical Rule of Nizam: Suppression of civil liberties, Violent repression of protests → fueled underground resistance
2. Vetti System and Caste Oppression: Unpaid labor and caste-based exploitation, Dalit and lower caste women and children targeted, Fueled resentment and demand for dignity
3. Cultural Mobilisation and Literacy Campaigns: Libraries and political awareness efforts by Communist cadres, Cultural assertion and grassroots awakening,
4. Formation of People’s Organisations: Role of Andhra Mahasabha and village committees; Early village-level organization of dissent
5. Rise of Communist Ideology: Marxist thought inspired collective resistance; CPI formation in 1940 gave ideological framework to peasants
II. ECONOMIC CAUSES
Structure each point to show how structural injustice created fertile ground for revolt.
1. Land Concentration and Jaghirdar System: Vast landholdings with no rights for tenants; Eg: Pratap Reddy and VR Reddy as exploitative landlords
2. Exploitation and Forced Taxes: 50% produce taken as rent; Occupational taxes like Hukki Malikanna imposed
3. Debt Bondage and Nagu Vaddi System: Loans that doubled annually; Asset loss, generational poverty among artisans and peasants
4. Absence of Land Reforms: No tenancy protection or land ownership records; Land inequality deepened over time
5. Brutal Exploitation by Local Deshmukhs: Atrocities by landlords like Rapaka VR Reddy; Resistance in places like Kadavendi, Palakurthi, Kamareddy Gudem; Martyrdom of Doddi Komarayya as spark for mass uprising
Conclusion:
Conclude by noting that the struggle transformed rural consciousness, dismantled feudal control, and promoted grassroots democracy. Its legacy lived on, shaping Telangana’s identity and inspiring the later statehood movement,

Introduction:
The Telangana Armed Struggle (1946–51), led by Communist leaders and grassroots organizers, was a landmark revolt against the autocratic rule of nizam and land owning doras. Rooted in the peasants’ demand for dignity and justice, it was a battle for land, food, and freedom—Bhoomi, Bhukti, Vimukti.

Body:
I. SOCIAL CAUSES:
1. Tyrannical Rule of Nizam
a) Nizam’s government denied civil liberties like freedom of speech, press, and association.
b) Peasants lived at the mercy of landlords, with no protective laws from the state.
c) Public gatherings and protests were often crushed brutally, leading to underground resistance 
2. Vetti System and Caste Oppression
a) In the vetti system, lower castes were forced into unpaid daily labour for landlords.
b) “Each Dalit family had to send one person daily” for menial tasks like cleaning and carrying.
c) Young girls were kept in landlords’ houses for domestic work and were often abused.
3. Cultural Mobilisation and Literacy Campaigns a) Communist activists-built libraries in villages, spreading literacy and politica awareness.
b) These spaces became centres of dialogue against caste oppression and feudal injustice
.c) Cultural assertion led to the emergence of village committees challenging landlords.
4. Formation of People’s Organisations
a) Andhra Mahasabha (predecessor to political assertion) took up people's issues from the 1930s.
b) Village committees helped organize resistance—first in Kamareddy Gudem (1940), later in Kadavendi.
5. Rise of Communist Ideolog
a) Inspired by Marx and Engels, leaders like Raj Bahadur Gour, Arutla Ramachandra Reddy, and others mobilized peasants.
b) 1939: Comrades Association formed by Maqdoom Mohiuddin and others to fight exploitation.
c) 1940: Hyderabad unit of CPI established by Raavi Narayana Reddy and Baddam Yella Reddy. er took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book.

Conclusion:
The Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle became a guiding light for anti-exploitation movements globally, ending the unchecked power of landlords, Deshmukhs, Patels, and Patwaris. With over 3,000 village committees, it seeded local self-governance in Telangana region and later inspired the Telangana statehood movement rooted in regional identity.

Additional Embellishment: